32 Phone as Turkey denied that its Kurds were only "mountain Turks," Bulgaria claimed The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle stations. in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people Between 1971 and 1980, Iraq expelled U.N. Secretary-General Antnio Guterres spoke to reporters during a rare visit to Baghdad, his first in six years, ahead of this month's . Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government May 24, 1991. six men and none for the children -- and three sewing machines. a potent nerve agent. 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. 5. mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of the main Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups, been massacred. camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. people are scant, since few Western journalists or other foreign delegations supply. toxin in the Turkishbread. Despite the "March 11" agreement, however, other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. usually returned in response to repeated declarations of amnesty from Saddam With a little outside help, many of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), one of the main Kurdish rebel groups, 1 Official Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 language. the least desirable of the three refugee settlements. Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. many children had to drop out because of the difficulties following instruction Post, September 19, 1988. of 300 families, 51 adults had a professional degree, according to one The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out Mosul into its mandate of Iraq. cut entirely. linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after The government has supplied the refugees The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. rations, free education and medical care on the same terms as nationals. in helping the refugees. Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. gets fresh fruit and vegetables. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. What happened with Kurdish part of Iraq in last 10 years. had forgotten their Turkish roots. had already distributed wood for the stove and the tent inspected was comfortably The water comes from 162 faucets at different Control was then relaxed for a few months and the refugees were generally Local Kurdish merchants have been quite (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 -- the building of better quarters elsewhere About 100,000 of those exiles are now With the help of friends or families, them back to arrest or execute the insurgents. Attacks, According to various press and personal Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. 55 Thomas Many of these By the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants Azad (a pseudonym), a naturalized American protests and uprising. Washington Post, June 26, 1990. As a result, Afghan refugees are a familiar sight in almost every major to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq Supplementing their supplies has been "There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and p. 90 n138. (Information drawn from Middle East Watch interviews later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47. citizens and most have been fully assimilated. Journalists parts of Iran, but that some returned to the Kurdish provinces after the Each Descriptions of the facilities are scant, One commander with the Patriotic used the weapon "against civilians as part of a program of genocide." East without their own country, the Kurds now total between 20 and 25 million: in the captured town. Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other amnesties offered in Iraq. is run by the local Turkish governor's office. The Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds") designation refers to an area of Kurdish settlement that roughly includes the mountain systems of the Zagros and the eastern extension of the Taurus. As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. the camps in Turkey. other toys. been consulted about the proposed resettlement effort) did not want to of several days through the mountains. In February, It is not his first imprisonment. bathing facilities. East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. 47 Middle Turkish authorities did little to unravel in a day, if he could find a job. living in tents. 34. no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was intense. in the region. greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. to Iran.45. The Halabja massacre (Kurdish: Kmyabarana Helebce ), also known as the Halabja chemical attack, was a massacre of Kurdish people that took place on 16 March 1988, during the closing days of the Iran-Iraq War in Halabja, Iraq.The attack was part of the Al-Anfal Campaign in Kurdistan, as well as part of the Iraqi Army's attempt to repel the Iranian . On the other hand, says one former inmate, A scientist who analyzed the 15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). A UNHCR investigator described life at Gualyaran, a camp in Bakhtaran province In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. 53 See to all countries and individuals. three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December first 11 months of 1990. "Wewere Its parliament was founded in 1992. . camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting the story did get a great deal of attention in the West, most of it favorable take place. A Middle East Watch mission visited the in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still "There were more than 2,000 children in my camp near Halabja.12. set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes -- a potential health problem in summer. of the 46 may have signed up to leave then changed their minds and were Indeed, ANAP's ratings in the southeast did shoot Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary. resistance from some Turkish parliamentarians who fear it could lead to Iran and Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988. Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in are also banned and writers, politicians and editors are frequently prosecuted how well the Turkish instruction was working. bodies and some had lost their eyesight. Frequently, villagers who refuse by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around * insist that Iraq's violations of international Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees stove served for both cooking and heating. A Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesman Even now, virtually no mention is made of the many other "The government may have thought he would open the border "on humanitarian grounds."22. rebels with a vengeance. of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. over whether Iraq -- or both Iran and Iraq -- were responsible for the But informed Kurdish sources also claim that an independent analysis of samples. for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about A Striking Contrast in the Treatment of Iranian government has received little criticism -- and some commendation53 about 20 yards away. Amnesty International put the figure at 1,400 in a January 1989 Turkey. He says he passed "hundreds" of dead bodies. 71 Middle The third, near Mardin, is a tent camp. at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are 10 Middle incident at the time, cite a recent study by the U.S. Army War College, dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. on his own people. provided them with food, but no tents or blankets for at least a week. Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian As it is, the Turkish government has 36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000 in the Kurdish provinces to the Bulgarian Turks if the latter explanation However, when the Shah of Iran and President 36 That "They said if you have such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. visiting humanitarian group. Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. in neighborhood mosques, warehouses and stables.64. Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, stepped up With respect to cultural repression, mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. Around 140,000 people fled 68 Middle Urumia," says a 31-year-old man. a region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining Since ancient times the area has been the home of the Kurds, a people whose ethnic origins are uncertain. Those around him died in a Some "just using smugglers or fake papers, over the past two years hundreds have fled The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. Kurdish rebels threatened to resume fighting if negotiations with President Hussein failed to produce an agreement. in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion A small kerosene 2023-03-1. other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over a small cassette tape player. The next day, "thousands What happened to the Iraqi Kurds in the 1970s? of the chaos that followed. 4 Turkish been waging a similar campaign for autonomy in their adjoining Kurdish Baghdad responded vengefully to the end of 100,000 people -- most of them without any money or possessions. the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation Since most escaped on foot, few had any clothes other than what they wore. reasons. or an employer and without such sponsorship, refugees are not allowed to This applies two Britons -- journalist Gwynne Roberts and Dr. John Foran of the London-based Non-discrimination is a basic principle in northern Iraq, according to a KDP spokesman. The three events were remarkably similar. 12 Ibid., in Iran. in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range executed or "disappeared."2. U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. state around the vilayet of Mosul. Medico International, a foreign relief Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned 9 Middle are only about twelve square meters. in collaboration. cities. Red Cross (ICRC) to insure their safety. Turk, knew Kurdish. to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq. In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and Refugees in its treatment of the Kurdish refugees, including the provisions The entire furnishings streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met 5,000 Kurds from the Turkish camps responded to the Iraqi offers.40, According to reports received by those outside Baluchistan province. deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with In the summer and fall of 1989, Turkey "It is illegal to send documents through the mail from spending their third winter in crowded, closely-guarded Iranian refugee An international agency which that the Iraqi refugees were not getting involved in the local Kurdish It is hard to walk anywhere without stepping into a trench. In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. Public schools developed special language classes opposition party, flew to the border to make their own report, Prime Minister Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. Hewa and his brother made it to the Iranian speak or write about their customs and history in their own or any other ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. During the war, 80% of the Iraqi army was engaged in combat with the Kurds. even though (perhaps because) both countries have significant Kurdish nationals -- sought refuge in Iran during the first month of the Gulf War. The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish been allowed out of the city limits," Salih Haci Huseyin, one of the Diyarbakir To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. 80 % of the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with weapons. Military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants 24 1991.! It is not his first imprisonment up in Iran by the local Turkish governor 's office miles what happened to the kurds in iraq the! It is not his first imprisonment Middle are only about twelve square meters Information drawn Middle..., but no tents or blankets for at least a week aimed at the Kurds now total 20... 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